A single Glyph formed by combining two or more characters that would otherwise collide or create awkward spacing when set adjacently. Standard ligatures — fi, fl, ff, ffi, ffl — resolve the collision between the overhanging hook of f and the dot or ascender of the following letter. Discretionary ligatures (such as ct, st, and Th) are ornamental alternatives that add calligraphic flourish. In OpenType fonts, ligature substitutions are encoded in the GSUB table and activated automatically (standard) or on request (discretionary) by the layout engine.
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